Influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes based on rainfall simulation experiments

Aeolian-fluvial interplay erosion regions are subject to intense soil erosion and are of particular concern in loess areas of northwestern China.Understanding the composition,distribution,and transport processes of eroded sediments in these regions is of considerable scientific significance for controlling soil erosion.In this study,based on laboratory rainfall simulation experiments,we analyzed rainfall-induced erosion processes on sand-covered loess slopes(SS)with different sand cover patterns(including length and thickness)and uncovered loess slopes(LS)to investigate the influences of sand cover on erosion processes of loess slopes in case regions of aeolian-fluvial erosion.The grain-size curves of eroded sediments were fitted using the Weibull function.Compositions of eroded sediments under different sand cover patterns and rainfall intensities were analyzed to explore sediment transport modes of SS.The influences of sand cover amount and pattern on erosion processes of loess slopes were also discussed.The results show that sand cover on loess slopes influences the proportion of loess erosion and that the compositions of eroded sediments vary between SS and LS.Sand cover on loess slopes transforms silt erosion into sand erosion by reducing splash erosion and changing the rainfall-induced erosion processes.The percentage of eroded sand from SS in the early stage of runoff and sediment generation is always higher than that in the late stage.Sand cover on loess slopes aggravates loess erosion,not only by adding sand as additional eroded sediments but also by increasing the amount of eroded loess,compared with the loess slopes without sand cover.The influence of sand cover pattern on runoff yield and the amount of eroded sediments is larger than that of sand cover amount.Furthermore,given the same sand cover pattern,a thicker sand cover could increase sand erosion while a thinner sand cover could aggravate loess erosion.This difference explains the existence of intense erosion on slopes that are thinly covered with sand in regions where aeolian erosion and fluvial erosion interact.     

Forest recovery after clear-cutting in Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis) plantations of North China

In Hebei Province of North China, forest was recovered with natural recruitment in plantations with large area of clear-cutting Chinese pine(Pinus tabuliformis). This study was aimed to demonstrate the dynamic characteristics of recruits during the natural recruitment. Both plot survey and the spatial point-pattern analysis were performed. Five developmental stages of natural recruitment were selected and studied, including 1 year before and 2, 5, 8, and 11 years after clear-cutting. Different slope aspects were also included. Natural recruitment was always dominated by Chinese pine with a proportion of higher than 90%. For plots of 1 year before clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, recruit densities were 7886 and 5036 stems/hm2, the average heights were 0.78(±0.85) and 1.06(±1.15) m, and the average diameters at breast height(DBH) were 3.21(±1.38) and 2.91(±1.38) cm, respectively. After clear-cutting, recruit density was initially increased, then it was gradually declined with time; however, the variation of average DBH was contrary to that of recruit density. Both of them were no longer varied between 8 and 11 years after clear-cutting. The average height of recruits continued to increase after clear-cutting. For the plots of 11 years after clear-cutting on east-and north-facing slopes, average heights of recruits reached 2.00(±1.14) and 2.24(±1.20) m, respectively. The statuses of recruits on north-facing slopes were better than those on east-facing slopes after clear-cutting. Meanwhile, recruits on east-facing slopes were always aggregated at small scales, while spatial pattern of recruits varied with time on north-facing slopes. Moreover, forest was recovered more quickly by natural recruitment than by artificial afforestation after clear-cutting. The structural diversity was higher in naturally regenerated forests than in plantations of the same age. Our results demonstrated that clear-cutting of Chinese pine plantations recovered by natural recruitment has the potential to be an effective approach for establishing multifunctional forest.     

陇东旱塬区复种不同藜麦品种(系)的适应性初步评价

为分析不同藜麦品种(系)在陇东雨养地区夏播复种的生态适应性,以12个藜麦品种(系)为材料,对其物候期、农艺性状、经济性状、品质性状等指标进行考察,采用相关性分析、主成分分析和聚类分析法对其适应性进行综合评价。结果表明:供试的12个藜麦品种(系)除LY-2无法复种成熟外,其余的11个品种(系)均能完成生育期;对其19个性状进行相关性分析表明,单位面积籽粒产量与单株粒质量和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),而与根倒率、茎倒率呈极显著负相关(P0.01);株高与千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01),籽粒粗蛋白和淀粉分别与籽粒直径和千粒质量呈极显著正相关(P0.01);对其15个性状指标进行主成分分析和聚类分析,对提出的5个主成分累计贡献率达85.04%,根据综合得分,筛选出适应性最好、得分最高的2个品种(系)‘陇藜4号’和‘Q2’;聚类分析表明,11个藜麦品种(系)系统聚为3大类型,各品种(系)间性状与遗传距离方面存在较大差异,其中第三类产量最高,第二类有矮秆、早熟等特性,可根据生产需要和育种目标进行综合考虑。     

玉米XYLPs基因家族表达模式及其蛋白结构分析

通过生物信息学的方法对玉米木质形成素类阿拉伯半乳糖蛋白(xylogen-like arabinogalactan proteins,XYLPs)基因家族的表达模式和蛋白结构进行了分析。ZmXYLPs基因家族成员在染色体上的分布具有一定的偏好性。基因复制事件不仅在基因家族成员数量的扩张和进化中发挥重要作用,同时还可能引起基因表达部位的扩张。根据ZmXYLPs蛋白结构特点,可将其分为两大类。其中仅ZmXYLP10/13/14蛋白存在N连接的糖修饰位点,其余ZmXYLPs蛋白均为O连接糖修饰位点。结果显示,玉米ZmXYLPs的生物学功能可能与其糖基侧链有关,并且其作用并不局限于维管组织发生过程,可能也参与生殖发育过程。     

辣椒HD-Zip基因家族鉴定、系统进化及表达分析

【目的】鉴定辣椒HD-Zip基因家族,并利用生物信息学方法系统分析其在基因组中的分布、基因结构、进化分化特征及在不同组织中的时空表达特异性,解析该家族的进化特征及生物学功能。【方法】根据已报道及PlantTFDB数据库中的拟南芥HD-Zip序列,利用本地BLAST工具在我国辣椒测序品种‘遵辣1号’基因组中比对,并利用Pfam、SMART工具进一步验证。采用EMBOSS Programs、MEGA、GSDS、MEME、MCScanX、OrthoMCL、Circos等软件预测辣椒HD-Zip基因家族成员蛋白理化性质,构建系统进化树,定位染色体,分析基因结构、基因复制类型及直系、旁系同源基因。基于GEO数据库,运用R软件、本地perl语言及Cytoscape分析辣椒HD-Zip组织表达差异并绘制共表达网络。【结果】本研究在‘遵辣1号’基因组中鉴定获得42条辣椒HD-Zip,命名为CaHDZ01—CaHDZ42。CaHDZs长度跨度较大,70% CaHDZ蛋白的pI小于7.0。除CaHDZ42,其余基因不均匀地分布在12条染色体上,部分基因为片段复制。该基因家族可分为4个亚族,分别含有18、9、5、10个HD-Zip,基因结构及蛋白结构域差别显著。辣椒、番茄和拟南芥3个物种中的直系同源基因对数目大体相同,但同为茄科的辣椒和番茄之间的稍多;辣椒中的旁系同源基因少于番茄和拟南芥,说明辣椒基因组的倍增事件并没有使CaHDZs明显扩增。对无油樟、水稻、玉米、番茄、马铃薯、辣椒‘CM334’、辣椒‘Zunla-1’、毛果杨、葡萄以及拟南芥9个代表物种的HD-Zip进化特征分析结果表明,从被子植物开始,HD-Zip基因家族就稳定存在4个亚族。推测在形成4个亚族前,HD-Zip分为两组,其中一组分化成I和II亚族,而另一组则分化成为III和IV亚族。CaHDZs在根、茎、叶、花芽、花和果实不同发育时期的表达模式分析结果显示,4个亚族具有不同程度的表达趋势。其中I亚族基因在辣椒不同组织中的表达量均较高,且不同成员间表达模式不同,CaHDZ22在茎中的表达最高,表明该基因可能对辣椒茎的生长有重要作用。II、III和IV亚族基因在不同组织中的表达量相对较低,但部分基因在特定组织中具有较大的表达量。如CaHDZ34在辣椒果实成熟后期具有较大高的表达量,CaHDZ02和CaHDZ28在果实膨大时表达较高,CaHDZ04在果实成熟前期具有较高的表达量。CaHDZs表达网络中有33对基因表达趋势的相关系数（PCC）大于0.8,6对大于0.9,表明CaHDZs协同调控了辣椒的生长发育,不同亚族之间也具有协同性。【结论】在‘遵辣1号’基因组中鉴定获得42条CaHDZs,可分为4个亚族,不同亚族的基因结构、蛋白保守结构域及表达模式不同。在进化过程中,辣椒HD-Zip保守性高,数目没有明显扩增,I和II亚族、III和IV亚族关系更近。CaHDZs具有组织表达差异性,协同调控了辣椒的生长发育。     

基于微卫星亲权鉴定技术的短蛸性选择研究

为研究短蛸(Octopus ocellatus)的性选择行为，本研究利用14个多态性微卫星标记，对3个母本、176个子代及17个候选父本进行亲权鉴定，对3个家系中有子代和无子代雄蛸、子代比例高和子代比例低的雄蛸的各形态参数进行t检验，并对子代比例高和子代比例低的父本与母本的遗传相似性与遗传距离进行分析。结果显示，短蛸为多雌多雄的交配模式，为真正意义的雌性混交动物；雄蛸有无子代与其形态参数无相关性；子代比例与父本的形态大小参数无关，而与父母本的遗传相似性和遗传距离有关，父母本遗传相似性越高，遗传距离越小，后代比例越高。本研究为揭示短蛸交配前后的性选择机制提供了重要线索，也为海洋头足类动物的性选择机制研究提供了基础资料。     

鳜视觉和侧线感觉调控捕食行为的动态观察

鳜（Siniperca chuatsi）具有独特的捕食习性。为研究鳜捕食行为相关主要感觉——视觉和侧线感觉调控的捕食行为特征，利用高速摄像与感官抑制技术对鳜的独特捕食行为进行了分析，将实验鳜分为4组：G_C（对照组，视觉与侧线感觉均具备），G_V（只有视觉），G_L（只有侧线感觉）和G_DS（视觉、侧线感觉均不具备）4组。对各组鳜投喂饵料鱼，并利用高速摄像技术对单位时间内鳜的捕食行为进行动态观察与分析。结果表明，鳜在捕食行为中表现出5种捕食模式：直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、跟踪-偏移型、弹射型、偏移型，其中，直接攻击型、跟踪-弹射型、弹射型捕食模式主要由视觉控制，跟踪-偏移型、偏移型主要由侧线感觉控制。在视觉、侧线感觉均具备时优先利用视觉捕食，捕食行为趋于简化，相反，鳜仅利用侧线感觉捕食时，捕食行为变得复杂而多样；鳜在捕食时所表现出的各种捕食行为模式是其具有独特摄食习性的重要原因。上述研究为解读鳜特殊捕食行为的形成机制提供了重要资料。     

‘金艳’猕猴桃果实生长规律及不同采收期对其品质的影响

以‘金艳’猕猴桃为材料,研究其果实生长动态规律及不同采收期(谢花后153 d、168 d、183 d和198 d)(Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ)的软果品质。结果表明：金艳猕猴桃在凉山州西昌市一般4月中旬进入盛花期；在生育期内,果实尺寸(纵、横径)呈前期逐渐增大,后期趋于平稳的变化,谢花后59 d内为果实快速膨大期,谢花后101 d进入生长缓滞期；随采收期延迟,果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质和糖酸比呈逐渐升高的趋势；早期采收(Ⅰ、Ⅱ)果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质、糖酸比和总氨基酸偏低,淀粉和粗纤维较高；晚期采收(Ⅲ、Ⅳ期)果实软熟时可溶性固形物、干物质、糖酸比较高,淀粉和粗纤维较低,风味更浓,口感更佳；Ⅳ期维生素C和总氨基酸含量最高,但采收较晚不利于当年鲜果销售；若作为鲜果,其最佳采收期为Ⅲ期,Ⅱ期和Ⅳ期可作为备选采收期；作为保健品加工原料,最佳采收期为Ⅳ期。